Ekologi Tumbuhan Di Hutan Pulau Pinang Dengan Penekanan Kepada Hutan Simpan Teluk Bahang [QK901. R147 2008 f rb].

Persampelan dilakukan selama setahun enam bulan mulai Julai 2002 hingga Disember 2003 di Plot Kajian Utama Teluk Bahang (PKUTB) (1 ha) dan enam plot kajian bandingan (0.04 ha). Sampling was conducted for one and a half years starting from July 2002 to December 2003 at the Main Sampling Plot (PKUTB) (1 ha) and six comparison plots (0.04 ha)

First report of pteridocolous discomycetes, Lachnum lanariceps and L. oncospermatum, on decayed tree fern in Bukit Bendera (Penang Hill), Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Bukit Bendera is 833 m above sea level and situated in the Northern part of Penang Island, Malaysia. Generally an average temperature is between 20 to 27°C, which is about 5°C cooler than at the sea level. The hill dipterocarp forest dominates Bukit Bendera and tree fern scatteredly grows at higher altitude. Two Lachnum spp. were observed as pteridocolous cup fungi on decayed rachides of several tree fern species, Cyathea contaminans, C. latebrosa, and C. hymenodes. Lachnum oncospermatum is characterized by a wrinkled apothecium and branched stipe. The hairs contain brown colored resinous materials and are finely granulated. Lachnum lanariceps is characterized by a central and cylindrical stipe and hairs containing pale yellow pigment with red or garnet resinous matter. These two Lachnum species are new to Malaysia

VIDEO 360 PENGENALAN OBJEK WISATA BENTENG OTANAHA DI PROVINSI GORONTALO DENGAN METODE MDLC

This research is motivated by the difficulties faced by visitors in exploring the tourism site. During their visit, visitors often need to ask the ticket attendant for information about the best spots to visit due to the lack of informative signs. The aim of this research is to develop a virtual tour product using video technology 360 for Otanaha Fortress by employing the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) method, which includes the stages of concept, design, material collection, production, testing, and distribution stages. This research is expected to contribute to the development of innovative and interactive tourism information media and promote Otanaha Fortress as one of the tourist destinations in Gorontalo Province. Keywords: Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC); Otanaha Fortress of Gorontalo; virtual tour; 360 video

Pengembangan Media Audio spectrum analyzer Untuk Pembelajaran Praktik Sistem Audio di Program Studi Pendidikan Teknik Elektronika Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: (1) menghasilkan media pembelajaran spectrum analyzer yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan yang dapat digunakan dalam pembelajaran praktik sistem audio; (2) mengetahui tingkat kualitas media pembelajaran spectrum analyzer dilihat dari penilaian ahli materi dan ahli media sebagai Expert Judgment, serta penilaian mahasiswa sebagai pengguna. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dan pengembangan dengan mengadopsi model pengembangan ADDIE menurut William W. Lee & Diana L. Owens. Langkah – langkah yang dilakukan antara lain: analisis, perancangan, pengembangan dan implementasi, serta evaluasi. Pada langkah pengembangan dan implementasi terdapat kegiatan berupa validasi ahli terhadap produk audio spectrum analyzer. Pada langkah evaluasi dilakukan oleh ahli materi, ahli media dan pengguna. Selanjutnya media pembelajaran audio spectrum analyzer diuji cobakan pada pembelajaran yang dilakukan di program studi Pendidikan Teknik Elektronika Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. Pengambilan data menggunakan angket yang memiliki rentang nilai 1 s.d 4. Perolehan dari rentang nilai angket tersebut dikonversi untuk mengetahui kategori kelayakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) pada pembelajaran praktik sistem audio membutuhkan media belajar yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran praktik sistem audio berupa: media pembelajaran berupa perangkat lunak Audio spectrum analyzer, perangkat keras yang terdiri dari external soundcard, mikrofon Real Time Analyzer (RTA) dan loudspeaker, dan jobsheet serta buku panduan untuk digunakan dalam pembelajaran praktik sistem audio; (2) Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai kualitas media pembelajaran audio spectrum analyzer secara umum memperoleh 3,42 yang diinterpretasikan dalam kategori sangat baik. Karena media pembelajaran audio spectrum analyzer memperoleh nilai kelayakan sangat baik maka media ini dapat digunakan dalam pembelajaran dikelas

Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) Rancangan Percobaan

Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) Rancangan Percobaa

Image Based Ringgit Banknote Recognition for Visually Impaired

Visually impaired people face a number of difficulties in order to interact with the environment because most of the information encoded is visual. Visual impaired people faced a problem in identifying and recognizing the different currency. There are many devices available in the market but not acceptable to detect Malaysian ringgit banknote and very pricey. Many studies and investigation have been done in introducing automated bank note recognition system and can be separated into vision based system or sensor based system. The objective of this project was to develop an automated system or algorithm that can recognize and classify different Ringgit Banknote for visually impaired person based on banknote image. In this project, the features extraction of the RGB values in six different classes of banknotes (RM1, RM5, RM10, RM20, RM 50, and RM100) was done by using Matlab software. Three features called RB, RG and GB extracted from the RGB values were used for the classification algorithms such as k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) and Decision Tree Classifier (DTC) for recognizing each classes of banknote. Ten-fold cross validation was used to select the optimized k-NN and DTC, which was based on the smallest cross validation loss. After that, the performance of optimize k-NN and DTC model was presented in confusion matrix. Result shows that the proposed k-NN and DTC model managed to achieve 99.7% accuracy with the RM50 class causing major reduction in performance. In conclusion, an image based automated system that can recognize the Malaysian banknote using k-NN and DTC classifier has been successfully developed

A phylogenetic classification of the world’s tropical forests

Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present the first classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (1) Indo-Pacific, (2) Subtropical, (3) African, (4) American, and (5) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional Neo- versus Palaeo-tropical forest division, but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar and India. Additionally, a northern hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern hemisphere forests

An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher’s alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼40,000 and ∼53,000, i.e. at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼19,000–25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼4,500–6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa

The global abundance of tree palms

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests